Study of Internet Banking in Malaysia

Study of Internet Banking in Malaysia Introduction. Background of study: Many scholars claim that electronic banking started in the 1970s. However, evidence showed that the first visible ATM machine was introduced in the year 1981. The ATM- Automated Teller Machines- are a great component of internet banking. They serve as a great alternative to the brick and mortal branches. Afterwards, tele-banking followed suit it yet another delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank by utilizing Automated Voice Response (AVR) Technology. Before the introduction of internet banking in Malaysia in June 1, 2000, banks operated under an unconsolidated system. It was very difficult to conduct an interbank transaction. The bottleneck system was too frail to face the ever rising global competition from it international counterparts of who, by then, most have gone e-banking. To fully utilize the benefits of internet banking, the Malaysian central bank decided to consolidate its commercial banks. Prior to the implementation of this policy, there were about 23 banks in Malaysia in the banking system. However, after the consolidation and the implementation of internet banking, only 10 core banking groups survived, though some merged. The introduction of Internet system into the banking sector, drastically shoot up the performance and competitive advantage of Malaysian banking system. Inter and intra banking transactions became more flexible and faster. Banks are now able to grant loans to firms and individuals through faster an d easier means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"e-banking. Individuals and firms are able to pay from and deposit money to their account without having to pay a physical visit to their banks. Almost all banking transaction can now be made at home at anytime on a system that runs almost 24/7.amybank became the first domestic bank to offer internet banking services. In Malaysia, this service is currently provided to individual customers at a 128-bit encryption technology to allay fears of security among consumers. The services provided in this portal includes bill payment, banking enquiry functions, , funds transfer, and accounts rundown, credit card payment as well as operation history. Customer support service is made available via e-mails in addition to telephone lines. Bellow is summary table of internet banking services provided by 6 Malaysian commercial banks BANK SERVICE TRANSACTIONS Southern Bank PC Banking Real-time fund transfers, credit-card payments, access account balances and auto alerts. Hong Leong Bank [emailprotected] Fund transfers, balance enquiries, statement download, bill payments, cheque-book request, cheque-status enquiry, stop cheque and credit-card payments. ec-banking Account Summary, Funds Transfer, Credit Card Service, Bill Payments, Service Request HSBC Bank Hexagon A desktop-banking system via the HSBC Groups proprietary worldwide communications network. Services include transfer of funds within own accounts and third-party accounts. Multi-Purpose Bank Multi-Link Basic banking services account balance enquiry, fund transfer, bill payments and product info. Also offers desktop share-trading via JB Securities Sdn Bhd. PhileoAllied Bank PALDIRECT PALWORLD Provides banking, share investing, news and information, utility-bill payments, insurance, travel, electronic shopping and communications services. RHB Bank RHB OnLine Balance enquiry, fund transfer, remittance services, fixed-deposit placements, credit-card payments, brokering and bill payments. Source: Internet Banking Patronage: An Empirical Investigation of Malaysia by Suganthi, Balachandher and Balachandran. Despite the many complaints about the slow transmission of data, mobile e-banking using the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has increased the ease with which transactions are made. The introduction of Global Packet Radio Services (GPRS) and 3G phones has help in defeating the speed problem. Thus, speed is no longer a problem. Bellow is a table of summary of banks three banks and there (3) Malaysian commercial banks. BANK NAME SERVICES OCBC Bank i.wap Banking transactions balance enquiry, transaction history, statement request, fund transfer, cheque-book request, stop-payment request, bill payments. Others news, banking rates, treasury news and credit-card services. Philoe Allied Bank Palworld WAP Banking transactions, bill payments, news, share trading. United Overseas Bank Mobile-phone banking Banking transactions such as balance enquiry, statement request, increase in credit-card limit and others. Source: Internet Banking Patronage: An Empirical Investigation of Malaysia by Suganthi, Balachandher and Balachandran. Despite the benefit that concomitantly associates with e-banking, it success largely depends on the reception its get from the people that use it, i.e. customer, retail and corporate alike. Its of no disputable doubt that many bank account holders have signed up for the internet banking facilities. In fact in Malaysia, CIMB for instance, almost all account holders à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"i.e. more than 90%- have opted for internet banking due to the ease and flexibility it possesses. Problem statement: However, this success story has only been achievable due to the much resource being invested in creating awareness and expanding the capacity and speed of the system. The questions, Does the result or performance of e-banking justify the resource been used to promote it? How good is the response of the customer, and How well is the system running? Objectives of study The following are the objective of this paper: General Objective: To measure the performance of e-banking in Malaysian economy Specific objective Measure the security level of the system from both the customer and bankers perspectives Measure the level awareness amongst Malaysian denizen Measure the level of convenience in regard to accessibility and speed the users enjoy. Literature Review The advent of internet banking in Malaysia and its rapid growth and adoption has been a popular subject amongst modern researchers. Internet banking has attracted increasing attention since the 1990s. Partly fostered by technological advance, banks started to use the internet as an innovative payment method and as a way to reduce costs, enhance profits and increase customer convenience. Between the 1997 and 2001 Deyoung (2005) the internet banks had started and they managed to identify which online banking have been effective, and the study had shown that most of the internet banks had low profit but the study showed that the internet banks had been growing so fast, and to make these banks survive they need a competitor but the consequences in market share will be limited. Electronic banking (e-banking) is the newest delivery channel of banking services all around the world and has become a vital necessity. The definition of e-banking varies amongst researches partially because elect ronic banking refers to several types of services through which a banks customers can request information and carry out most retail banking services via computer, television or mobile phone (Daniel,1999; Mols, 1998; Sathye, 1999). Burr, 1996, for example, describes it as an electronic connection between the bank and customer in order to prepare, manage and control financial transactions. Many authors appreciate that Internet banking (e-banking) is defined to include the provision of retail and small value banking products and services through electronic channels as well as large value electronic payments and other wholesale banking services delivered electronically. Electronic banking can also be defined as a variety of the following platforms: (a) Internet banking (or online banking), (b) telephone banking, (c) TV-based banking, (d) mobile phone banking, and (e) PC banking (or offline banking) (LuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡ik; 2004:9). Electronic banking (e-banking) is the newest delivery channel of banking services. The definition of e-banking varies amongst researches partially because electronic banking refers to several types of services through which a banks customers can request information and carry out most retail banking services via computer, television or mobile phone (Daniel,1999; Mols, 1998; Sathye, 1999). Burr, 1996, for example, describes it as an electronic connection between the bank and customer in order to prepare, manage and control financial transactions. Many authors appreciate that Internet banking (e-banking) is defined to include the provision of retail and small value banking products and services through electronic channels as well as large value electronic payments and other wholesale banking services delivered electronically. Electronic banking can also be defined as a variety of the following platforms: (a) Internet banking (or online banking), (b) telephone banking, (c) TV-based banking, (d) mobile phone banking, and (e) PC banking (or offline banking) (LuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡ik; 2004:9). Financial service customers are getting further away from the providers of those services. Petersen and Rajan (2002) found that small business lending, which has been the specialty of local relationship lenders, has been moving further from their customers over time, due in part to remote banking technologies. Remote access technologies in financial services have long been used to increase the geographic market of the financial service provider. Remote access technologies in financial services have long been used to increase the geographic market of the financial service provider. Hannan and McDowell (1990) showed that banks adopted ATMs in order to expand their market share or protect their market against those banks that offered ATMs. Similar arguments have been made about other forms of remote banking technologies by Bouckaert and Degryse (1995), and Degryse (1996). Financial service customers are getting further away from the providers of those services. Petersen and Rajan (2002) found that small business lending, which has been the specialty of local relationship lenders, has been moving further from their customers over time, due in part to remote banking technologies. Remote access technologies in financial services have long been used to increase the geographic market of the financial service provider. Remote access technologies in financial services have long been used to increase the geographic market of the financial service provider. Hannan and McDowell (1990) showed that banks adopted ATMs in order to expand their market share or protect their market against those banks that offered ATMs. Similar arguments have been made about other forms of remote banking technologies by Bouckaert and Degryse (1995), and Degryse (1996). According to the birch and young, they can use the internet to get new channels to reorganize the structure of the banks, they also planning to use electronic channels to be above retail banks. The new delivery channels can help to solve all the problems that the traditional Branches have, which are going to help to provide a lot of services and assistance which is to lead to the growth of electronic commerce. (Jayawardhena and foley) (2000). Referring to sulivan (2000) Furst (2000) that most of the traditional banks are not affected by the channels and they had a study between the existence of the internet baking and the profit that they make. Its acceptance is likewise great for example Sanmugam (2005) in his paper presents the side view of the Internet banking users in Malaysia based on a large-scale study. The large-scale survey was conducted in 2004 to examine selected individual characteristics of over 800 bank customers. He used a logistic model o estimate the probability of a bank customer adopting Internet banking. He suggested that his method is very basic and can help banks in gaining in-depth understanding of their internet banking customers. He also borrowed a leaf from Rogers (1995) in classifying innovation adopters into five broad categories i.e. Innovators, Early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Innovators are the first adopters, who are interested in technology itself and possess positive technology attitudes while early adopters are also fascinated by technology and are keen to take risks. Both early and late majority consist of mainly young working adults. And lastly the laggards we re found to be predominantly older people. He found out that there was a marginal effect made by social economic factors on the predicted probability of the typical adopter. Also, he found that among social economic environmental limitations, non-availability of Internet services in the rural areas is definitely a significant constraint, reducing the predicted. On the other hand, Bauer (2008) holds that the early adoption by customers of this technology was disappointing to most having this in mind; he resorted to examining the demand for remote access to banking accounts by consumers. He focuses mainly if not solely on the consumer perspective and sought to attain the main determining factor in deciding whether or not to use the internet banking facility. He used the micro-economic theory of consumer utility maximization to replica how consumers decide whether or not to use internet services provided by the banks. His findings reveal that when the technology is new, the traditional risk return models including variables allowing for heterogeneous risk add power in modeling the adoption decision. He stressed the importance of perceived risks in internet banking and claim that it is responsible for some of the hesitation to adopt. He also discovered that younger consumers are found to be early adopters only when they have relatively high lev els of risk tolerance. Ironically, older consumers are found to be less likely to adopt internet banking regardless of their risk tolerances. Also, Maugis et al (2004) examined the pre-e-learning period of internet banking. They sought to measure the significance and extent of e-readiness data from banks from ten (10) countries. They develop a conceptual framework for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"next generation e-readiness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" focusing on different e-Business applications in different economic contexts with potentially different pathways. in concluding, they made the following propositions: (i) different countries (or economies) are characterized by diverse e-Readiness profiles or inclinations distinct by their individual access and capacity setting; (ii) given the range and diversity of characteristics, there may well be a wide array of variables that shape propensities for both admittance and capacity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a propos some opportunity; (iii) such propensities facilitate the pursuit of precise applications within the broad opportunity context that a country may have at any moment. Frame and Silber (2004, 2009) Silber (1983) the reason that the banks entered this field was because its going to help them and make their work easier. They also managed to offer a service which gone help to deposit and hold accounts and other staff and another service to reduce depositors to help them to compete with other banks. They had been trying to get new deposits so they made a new web service to help them and make their transaction easier and successful. They tried to put all the information about the new market shares to update their customers with every new thing and that have been done with most of the new banks. The rapid growth of the internet indicates that greater competitive pressure contributes to the adoption of Internet banking. They been trying to make banking market more open which they gone make the use of the internet banking more important, the more they used the internet it reduce the interest deposits, there was also a study that they are planning to make everything with technology such as PCs and other staff for people. Some still say otherwise about internet banking (Pavlou, 2003  ; Rotchanakitumnai and Speece, 2003) as the basic model of  «Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  TAM  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » was extended in many studies by others factors as trust, perceived risks, awareness about Internet Banking, perceived costs. Through these studies, some obstacles to the adoption and the usage of Internet Banking were identified such as the lack of security the human contact, perceived risks Moreover, in order to identify the profile of Internet Banking user, a number of researchers have found that comparing to non users; users rated Internet Banking as being easier, more useful, more trustworthy Also comparing to non users, users are less concerned with human contact, security, perceived risks. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1: Introduction This chapter explains the design and methodology of this research. It begins by identifying this researchs theoretical model, and then followed by a brief discussion on the theoretical framework of the research study. The dependent variable is performance while the independent variables are; security, convenience and speed, trust and awareness of E-banking. The dependent and independent variables will be discussed under the theoretical framework. The second part of this chapter will be the hypotheses developments which are based on the variables. 2: Theoretical Framework Based on the conceptual framework below, it can be seen that there is a total of 4 independent variables which will be analyzed towards one dependent variable in this study. The dependent variable which is, performance of E-banking would be affected in a positive or negative manner based on the independent variables influence. Performance of E-banking Awareness of E-banking Trust Convenience and speed Security 3: Hypothesis Development Dependent variable Performance of E-banking: This deals with the performance measurements for Internet banking and how different people perceive its importance, usefulness and its impacts either negative or positive. Independent variables Security: With the growth of electronic banking have come new forms of security risks which often make users of the this new way of banking H1= Security positively influences performance of E-banking. Convenience and speed: H3= Convenience and speed positively influences performance of E-banking. Trust: H4= Trust positively influences performance of E-banking. Awareness of e-banking: H5= Awareness of e-banking positively influences performance of E-banking. Sampling method We used convenience sampling as our sampling method. Convenience sampling refers to the collect information from the members of the population who were conveniently accessible and available to provide it. For us it was quiet an effective and quick method, most importantly the best as we could attain information from the members of the population swiftly. We used questionnaire method to collect data from our respondents. Sample size The sample size we selected is around 250, we choose this quantity because we felt it was the best and was suitable for the population this is so because in research it has been stated that a sample size between the range larger than 30 and less than 500 is appropriate. The smaller the group size, the harder it is to be certain that the normal curve assumptions have not been violated (Todman and Dugard, 2001). We felt the sample we have elected is a valid and reliable one to carry out and base our investigation on. Sharon K. Ninness (2002) stated this in their research that Roscoe and Siegel and Castellan suggest that in the absence of an unambiguous demarcation between large-n and small-n studies, there is a commonly held assumption among parametric statisticians. Data Collection Method Our data collection methods are two in number. We used both questionnaires and interview to get our data. The questionnaires were distributed to e-banking users in order to get their own rating of the performance of e-banking, while the interview was to ascertain the bankers view of their system. Thus we collected and used primary data. Summary This chapter of the research is basically about the methodology of the project as a whole, it starts off with identifying the theoretical framework model, then a briefly discusses the theoretical framework of the research. The independent and dependent variables have been discussed and elaborated under the theoretical framework, then followed by the development of hypothesis for this research study. Other aspects that make the methodology successful have been also talked about.

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What You Dont Know About Russian Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

What You Don't Know About Russian Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think The Advantages of Russian Essay Topics Bear in mind that the topic you decide on needs to be similar to your point of view and ought to reflect your thoughts about the topic. Hence, there are plenty of ways by which you are able to effectively make your crime and punishment essay in almost no time. Around the world, immigration is a popular topic as countries suffer from war and financial disasters. There are lots of things to argue when it has to do with the law. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. When they are writing their argumentative essays that have to find, read and analyze lots of material to perform good. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on various views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Canadian students must deal with precisely the same problem of selecting engaging argumentative essay topics as the remainder of the world. After picking your subject, you should have the five kinds of arguments at the rear of your head throughout your writing. Bear in mind you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. It's not sufficient to select a topic which everybody agrees on. Second, talk what you shouldn't do instead of what has to be accomplished. The 50 titles we've listed are only the tip of the iceberg all you need to do is be creative and think beyond the box. The list is really endless. You may pick topics from assorted lists of ready themes. So, below are some suggestions, collected and listed from the very best inventory. Since you may see, there's a plethora of different argumentative paper titles you're able to utilize. So make certain you decide on a subject, which has values in it. You don't wish to lose grades because of incorrect essay format. Well, grading papers can be very dull. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. Locating good essay topics which you could discuss effectively and create powerful argumentative essays is a tough work. The key to pick out a very good topic for an argumentative essay is to choose a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. There are several argumentative essay topics. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. So, to be able to write decent crime and punishment essay, you want to create a fantastic title. Needless to say, it's so much better when a student is provided a freedom to decide on the subject of their essay. To begin with, local newspaper papers might be very good place to discover interesting argumentative essay topics. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. In instances when you get to select the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. The topic has to be based on a great evidence base. A superb topic will allow it to be simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, clearly, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about.

Using Information Records Since Mesopotamia - 1151 Words

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The Rise And Growth Of Political Marketing - 1440 Words

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Music and Violence Still a Concern in 2007 Free Essays

Media effects have been a hot topic in United States social history, especially with the newest in technology, which brings video and film to the personal computer and ipod.   However, one of the most long-standing debates does not concern new technology, but an older medium – music.   For nearly five decades, psychologists, scientists and parents have expressed concern that music lyrics could affect listeners and behavior, even violent behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Violence: Still a Concern in 2007 or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Despite some switch in focus to violent and sexual content in film and internet video, music lyrics still hold concern for their possible contribution to aggressive behavior in the United States and elsewhere. In response to this concern, many public and private investigations have sought to reach some sort of conclusion on the impact that music lyrics may have on aggressive behavior of young people.   The 1982 National Institute of Mental Health report noted that media violence, including violence in music, was a â€Å"serious threat to public health,† and by the 1990s, most research concluded that â€Å"media violence on aggressive and violent behavior was real, causal and significant† (Anderson, et al. This was followed by a Congressional Public Health Summit which consisted of six medical and public health organizations.  Ã‚   Their conclusion delivered as a joint statement of all was that â€Å"entertainment violence can lead to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behavior, particularly in children† (Anderson, et al., 2003). These research organizations define aggression as â€Å"any behavior that is intended to harm another person† and can include not only physical aggression, but also sexual aggression, verbal aggression, and indirect aggression.   Particular attention has be revisited on music lyrics with the rise in popularity during the 80s and 90s of the music video. Researcher found that music videos are laden with violence and â€Å"explicit aggressive content† with â€Å"antisocial overtones† (Anderson, et al. 2003).   In fact, a study by However, Waite, Hillbrand, and Foster (1992) found that aggressive behavior in a forensic inpatient ward decreased significantly after MTV (Music Television) was removed from the television offerings. Additionally another group of researchers found that males who listened and viewed violent music videos exhibited a significant increase in â€Å"adversarial sexual beliefs and negative affect† (Peterson and Pfost, 1989).   Additional this group also found that college students who listed to rock music with antisocial themes self-reported a wider range of acceptance for antisocial behaviors. Additional studies also followed test subjects for several years and report that violent music videos can have long term negative and maladaptive effects on young people (Anderson et al, 2003) One performer who has recently fallen under close scrutiny is Marshall Mathers, known to listening fans as Eminem.   Eminem’s character, Slim Shady, appeals to teenagers because her represents the extreme emotions which range from outrage to helplessness that are so common in the lives of adolescents (Doherty, 2000). Eminem is profane, rebellious, determined to be himself, to speak what he takes to be the truth about his emotions and what he sees around him. He’s all the more determined to do so if it pisses off authority figures. And in a world largely dominated by modern liberal cant, the best way to outrage adults is to come across as anti-gay, anti-woman, and pro-violence. As Eminem says in â€Å"Criminal,† â€Å"Half the shit I say, I just make it up to make you mad.† Such an attitude speaks directly to adolescent anomie and rebellion (Doherty, 2000). Lyrics such as this draw teens into the world of Slim Shady, identifying with him and adopting his style of dress, attitudes and behaviors. Now, these lyrics are even more damaging, according to Myronda Reuben of WBLX in Mobile, Alabama.   She says that music now holds less hope and fewer positive possibilities in the lyrics:â€Å"Back in the day, when a rapper was talking about ‘the life,’ it was usually about getting out of away from the violence and the streets.   Now the music glorifies it, and there are so many contradictory messages out there† (Hall, 2000). Another example is the phenomenon known as Hip-Hop. Researchers note that these songs target what is known as â€Å"marginalized youth,† which is defined as those that experience the â€Å"most dramatic social pressures† (Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings 2003)   in life, such as economic, family and behavior issues.   These individuals who listen to rap are more likely to become violent. Hip hop music seems to have the common theme of drug use, alcoholism, Aids, and murder. Thus, results of several experimental studies show that subjects who listened to violent songs were more likely to interpret ambiguous words and phrases as aggressive, and to having â€Å"increased feelings of hostility without provocation or threat†Ã‚   (Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings 2003). These violent songs with their aggressive thoughts and feelings have daunting implications for real world violence, notes Anderson cited in the aforementioned article: Aggressive thoughts can influence perceptions of ongoing social interactions, coloring them with an aggressive tint. Such aggression-biased interpretations can, in turn, instigate a more aggressive response–verbal or physical–than would have been emitted in a nonbiased state, thus provoking an aggressive escalatory spiral of antisocial exchanges†¦(Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings 2003). It is easy to see why these concerns are in place when one examines the lyrics from two hip hop songs that have been at the very top of the Billboard charts as cited by Senator Brownback (1998): â€Å"F– home we capture with more hits and slaughter more kids†¦ You know for real the nig– came f–in’ sucked my d–†¦ I have nig–z falling like white b in a scary movie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"I’m known in the ghetto for slangin’ narcotics†¦ I come up short I’ma bust yo’f–in’ lip up Cuz money and murder is the code that I live by Come to ya set and do a muthaf–in’ walk-by.† These lyrics from the songs â€Å"Get at Me Dog,† by DMX and â€Å"Come and Get Some† by Master P show the explicit references to killing, racial slurs, sexuality and drugs. Ironically, these chaotic songs are highly organized and effective at targeting youth and maximizing profit, which tends to squelch legislative attempts at censorship.   Scholars have identified some particularly disturbing rap styles:   hustler rap, booty rap, pimp rap, gangsa rap, and don rap – all of which are considered as hardcore rap.   Hustler rap features a bad guy figure who dominates others through force, intimidation and/or seduction. Booty rap applauds sexual shock and nonconformity with titles from the group 2 Life Crew like â€Å"Dick Almighty,† â€Å"Me So Horny,† and â€Å"The Fuck Shop.†Ã‚   Pimp rap focus on money and sex; an example is P Diddy’s song â€Å"It’s All about the Benjamins.†Ã‚   Finally, gangsta rap emphasizes the acceptance of antisocial, often violent, behavior.   For example, NWA’s   (Niggaz Wit Attitude) album Straight Outta Compton offers a written thank you to: â€Å"All the gangsters, dope dealers, criminals, thieves, vandals, villains, thugs, hoodlums, killers, hustlers, baseheads, hypes, winos, bums, arsonists, police, maniacs and bad ass kids for listening to our shit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lena, 2006). Finally, don rappers (like Master P and Junior M.A.F.I.A.) combine gangsta rap’s emphasis on violence with the pimp rap emphasis on money and sexual dominance (Lena, 2006). These songs do translate into aggressive action.   For example, in the case of Mitch Johnson, the boy who was charged with killing four fellow students and a teacher in Jonesboro, Arkansas, frequently listened to violent rock and rap.   Mrs. Pelley is a junior-high-school teacher there who notes that after the shootings, several students revealed that Mitch had a morbid fascination with this type of music.   Mrs. Pelley discovered in a discussion with her students that while nearly ball of them could recite the violent and aggressive lyrics of songsw by Bone, Thugs-N-Harmony, and Tupac Shakur, nearly none of their parents had any idea about these songs and performers (Brownback, 1998). The tragedy of Columbine is also linked to the music of the controversial Marilyn Manson, primarily because shooter Eric Harris’s website contained frequent laudatory references to the odd performer, and both shooters wore Manson t-shirts and recited his lyrics frequently.   However, many psychologists note that this type of violence hails from an inability to communicate hatred and rage, a characteristic that these lyrics definitely do NOT have (Sanjek, 1999). Violent results from these songs are not limited to school kids.   In fact, one of the newest controversies concerning music lyrics hails from the dancehalls of reggae.   Dancehall reggae lyrics have a long history of aggressive content.   One popular artist is Buju Banton, whose 1992 chart topper called ‘Boom Bye Bye† explicitly urged listeners â€Å"to burn, shoot and pour acid on gay people†Ã‚   (Werde, 2004), and Artist Beenie Man’s hit â€Å"Weh Yuh No Fi Do† similarly argues that   gay men should die. Luckily, gay rights activists have been able to convince some of these dancehall sponsors such as Red Stripe Beer and Pepsi, to exert pressure on these performers to tone down their acts.   A group of sponsors did issue a statement to this effect, saying â€Å"that the continued use of violent lyrics could ultimately lead to the decline of our music industry, as well as a social and economic backlash† (Werde, 2004). It’s disappointing to realise that in the 21st century there are still people who want to belittle or frighten other people for their own amusement. Aren’t we better than this? Aren’t our musicians better than this† (Debbonaire, 2006).   While violence is rarely linked to only one source, certainly the draw of aggressive music lyrics must share in the responsibility for aggressive behavior in youth. Possibly because of the enormous profit to be made by this music and possibly because of the first amendment, which protects speech, these lyrics are allowed onto CDs and on videos.   Despite warnings and labeling movements, any youngster who wants to obtain a CD is likely to be able to.   If not, the most vulgar of these artists perform and release their CDs underground, where they can be copied and spread among these teens. The best defense against song lyrics is parent involvement and participation.   Open discussion will do a lot towards deflecting some of the adverse effects of violence in music.   While song writers will do what makes money and kids will buy what music is hot, adults need to take a stand to ensure that this sad trend does not get any worse. References Anderson, Craig A. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (3), 81-100. Brownback, Senator Sam. (1998). The melodies of Mayhem. Policy Review, 92 Debbonaire, T. (2006).   Domestic Violence: Are Song Lyrics Really To Blame?   BBC Radio.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Retrieved 2 June 2007 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/onelife/personal/relationships/ hh_songlyrics.shtml Doherty, B. (2000). Bum Rap.   Reason 32 (7) Hall, D. (2000). Violence In Lyrics, Life An Issue For Radio. Billboard 112.27 Lena, J.C. (2006). Social Context and Musical Content of Rap Music, 1979-1995. Social Forces    85.1: 479-495 Peterson, D.L., Pfost, K.S. (1989). Influence of rock videos on attitudes of violence against women. Psychological Reports   64, 319–322. Sanjek, D. (1999). Paying the Cost to Be the Boss. Popular Music Society 23 (3), 25-29 Violent Music Lyrics Increase Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings. (2003). Journal for Quality Participation 26 (2):46-47 Waite, B.M., Hillbrand, M., Foster, H.G. (1992). Reduction of aggressive behavior after removal of Music Television. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43, 173–175. Werde, B. (2004). Reggae Boycott. Rolling Stone, 961, November 11.    How to cite Music and Violence: Still a Concern in 2007, Essay examples

Reflection On Group Work Impact Of Teenage Pregnancy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reflection On Group Work Impact Of Teenage Pregnancy. Answer: Introduction Group work is important in terms of enhancing the awareness regarding the importance of unity, coordination and collaboration. Transfer of skills from one team member to the other enriches the preconceived skills, knowledge and abilities of the individuals (Malekoff, 2015). This assignment conducts a SWOT analysis of working in a group. Overall experience as a group The working experience was a very bad one. This is due to the behaviour of one of the team members. The rest of us had to take the burden of completing the whole project. This was somehow a burden for us; however, three of us maintained the unity and completed the project. The attitude of the member seemed vague in terms of the partnership working spirit within us. Personally speaking, my experience was a bitter one at the beginning. However, as I resumed work with my other team members, I learnt a big lesson regarding handling the things in adverse situations. This lesson has made me realized that independence is of utmost importance if one has to emerge successful in ones life. Strengths and weakness of working as a group Working with the other team members has enriched my preconceived knowledge, skills and expertise on heinous crimes such as teenage pregnancy. Exchange of information from the team members to me is the major drive behind this. Along with this, sharing the project has resulted in the successful completion within the stipulated deadline. Apart from this, collaboration from the other team members has helped me to overcome the major issues, which I had encountered while executing the project. Careless attitude of one of the team members towards doing the project work is one of the greatest weaknesses, which I can point out in terms of the group work, which we were assigned. This attitude has strained the unity and coordination between us. Challenges of group work Careless attitude of one of the team member is the greatest challenge for us. Coming to the discussions compelled us to repeat the constructed plans delayed the actual execution of the project related activities. In addition to that, even after repeated explanations of the things he had to do, he failed to execute them properly, which added to our complexities. Most troublesome was his habit of copy pasting the information from the internet sources, which had high chances of us getting caught for plagiarism and collusion. Upon asking the reason for doing this, excuses were always ready on his mouth. This type of behaviour strained his relationship with the professors, which deprived us from the external help and support, which we required for completing the project on teenage pregnancy. This deprivation attached an interrogative parameter on the quality of our project. Different perspective on working as a group If the professors had indulged in meeting regarding correcting the team member, I think our project would have been the best. Along with this, if face to face discussions were done with that team member regarding the reasons for this behaviour; it would have certainly led to some constructive solution. This would have benefitted us, the team member and the professors. Apart from this, we as team members could have asked about the issues, which is facing, for which he is exposing this kind of behaviour. Conclusion Counselling can be one of an effective means of transforming an individual. This is applicable for any of the aspects even partnership working. Taking the example of the team member, who exposed lackadaisical approach towards the project, counselling would excavate several reasons of this kind of behaviour- psychological, intentional, and hierarchical among others. The rest of the team members need to maintain the unity and coordination for setting an example before the team member and most importantly successful completion of the project within the stipulated time. References Brandler, S., Roman, C. P. (2015).Group work: Skills and strategies for effective interventions. Routledge. Lindsay, T., Orton, S. (2014).Groupwork practice in social work. Learning Matters. Malekoff, A. (2015).Group work with adolescents: Principles and practice. Guilford Publications. Reynolds, M. (2013).Group Work in Education and Training. Routledge.